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Med. Pr. 2007;58(4):327-344

BACKGROUNDS FOR ASSESSING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CRYSTALLINE SILICA DUST IN POLAND AND WORLDWIDE

PODSTAWY OCENY NARAŻENIA ZAWODOWEGO NA PYŁ KRYSTALICZNEJ KRZEMIONKI W POLSCE I NA śWIECIE

Aleksandra Maciejewska

Abstract

Crystalline silica is an agent harmful to human health, and quite frequently present in occupational environments. Occupational groups exposed to crystalline silica dust include mostly workers of the mineral and coal mining as well as metallurgical, chemical and construction industries. In the European Union (EU), the number of those exposed to this agent is estimated at over 2 million persons. In Poland, the number of people employed under conditions of excessive silica dust exposure exceeds 50 thousand. The assessment of occupational exposure to crystalline silica comprises several steps: primarily workplace determinations, quantitative sample analyses and comparisons of the obtained results with admissible values. This work describes a set of instruments that enables direct comparison of the study results with admissible values binding in almost 40 countries. It also highlights the consequences resulting from the classification of quartz and cristobalite, the most common forms of crystalline silica, as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A survey of air sampling and dust determination methods used in various countries to measure airborne dust concentrations of crystalline silica in occupational environments are presented along with relevant tables. The GESTIS data base, specifying the methods considered by EU as suitable for measuring and assessing harmful agents, was used as the selection criterion. Particular attention was paid to the methods used to determine crystalline silica; the effect of analytical methods applied, sample preparation procedures, and reference materials on the results of determinations was also analyzed. Main parameters of method validation, such as detection and determination limits, and precision of the analysis were compared. Med Pr 2007;58(4):327ś344

Key words

crystalline silica, quartz, cristobalite, occupational exposure assessment, limit value, X-ray diffraction method, infrared spectrometry method